Max Frankel, Top Times Editor Who Led a Newspaper in Transition, Dies at 94
Max Frankel (1930-2025): 1973 International Reporting winner Max Frankel died on Sunday from complications of bladder cancer at his home in Manhattan, according to his widow, Joyce Purnick. He was 94. Frankel "landed in New York in 1940 without a word of English, a refugee in knickerbockers with European sensibilities for opera, art, languages and mathematics," his obituarist, 1996 Spot News Reporting winner Robert D. McFadden, wrote. "But he found his calling in journalism, and it led to global news assignments, associations with world leaders, the pantheon of Pulitzer honorees and the editorships, successively, of The Times's opinion pages and of its news coverage. It thrust him, too, into the major events of his era — the Cuban missile crisis, the Cold War, the collapse of the Soviet Union — and into the Moscow of Nikita S. Khrushchev, the Havana of Fidel Castro, the Peking of Mao Zedong and the Washington of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard M. Nixon. Accompanying Nixon to China in 1972 on a historic mission to establish contacts after decades of estrangement, [...] Frankel, then chief of The Times's Washington bureau, chronicled the president's meetings with Mao and China’s premier, Chou En-lai, analyzed the news and, in Reporter's Notebook pieces, took readers into the homes, factories and lives of a people who had been isolated since the 1949 Communist revolution. He wrote 35,000 words and 24 articles in eight days in Shanghai, Peking (now Beijing) and Hangchow (Hangzhou), and won the 1973 Pulitzer for international reporting." McFadden continued: "As executive editor of The Times from 1986 to 1994, [...] Frankel presided over a newspaper in transition — financially, technologically and journalistically — after years of innovation and record growth in circulation, advertising and profitability. Despite readership gains on his watch, The Times lost advertisers and revenues in a long recession that began a year after he took over. Instead of retrenching, and with the support of the publisher, Arthur O. Sulzberger, [...] Frankel expanded metropolitan and sports coverage; maintained world, national and business reporting levels; widened the reach of the national edition; introduced color to some sections; and changed the mission of the daily report, with a wider mix of news and feature articles, a less predictable front page and more interpretation and analysis of news that was widely available elsewhere, including on 24-hour cable news channels and on a nascent internet." The heir to a German dry goods business that "lost half its trade when Hitler came to power in 1933 and ordered a boycott of Jewish businesses," Frankel and his mother emigrated to New York via Rotterdam in 1940 (his father would follow after World War II) after being deported to Poland two years earlier. As a student at the High School of Music & Art, he did exceptionally well in most subjects (save for the English that he was still mastering and not forestalling his editorship of the school newspaper), enabling his admission to Columbia College (then the traditional men's undergraduate division) of Columbia University in 1948. Although he secured a full-time position at The New York Times in 1952 via the newspaper's campus correspondent pipeline (a pathway also taken by his lifelong older rival, the City College of New York's Abe Rosenthal) in tandem with receiving his undergraduate degree, he remained on campus for an additional year, taking an M.A. in political science from Columbia's graduate faculties in 1953. Save for fulfilling the era's military service obligation from 1953 to 1955 in the Army, he would be almost exclusively employed by the newspaper thereafter, covering news events in such disparate locales as Moscow, Havana and Washington, D.C.; in the latter milieu, he fit in well among a generation of New York City "expatriates" reared in such formative middle-income neighborhoods as Frankel's own Washington Heights and Brooklyn's Flatbush, ultimately ascending to the role of chief Washington correspondent and Washington bureau chief from 1968 to 1972. While ensconced as The Times's editorial page editor in 1976, Frankel attracted national attention when Gerald Ford erroneously answered one of his questions during a presidential debate with Jimmy Carter. "There is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, and there never will be under a Ford administration," Ford said. When a vexatious Frankel doubled down on his earlier query, Ford said that Yugoslavia, Romania and Poland were not within the Soviet sphere of influence. The protracted gaffe instantly reinvigorated the Carter campaign among political independents in the aftermath of a lengthy farrago stemming from an awkward Playboy interview in which the Democratic nominee (and 2002 Biography finalist) ruminated on the "lust in [his] heart" for myriad women, likely catapulting the erstwhile one-term Georgia governor to the presidency. As executive editor, Frankel "hired and promoted more Black and Hispanic staff members, but acknowledged that racial diversification was fitful and slow," McFadden wrote, "Women fared better. There were none on the masthead of news executives, or even in line to lead major departments, in 1986. But during his tenure, women were hired in equal numbers with men, and filled more than a third of the professional jobs. He demurred from same-sex marriage announcements, but lifted a ban on the term gay and assigned a gay reporter, Jeffrey Schmalz, to write about gay politics and AIDS (from which he died at 39). The Times also began citing AIDS in obituaries as a cause of death, and in another bow to popular usage, began listing companions as survivors of the deceased. The Times won 13 Pulitzer Prizes on Mr. Frankel’s watch. In 1993, a 10-part series, "Children of the Shadows," examined the effects of racism and poverty on children and families in America. It did not win a Pulitzer, but [...] Frankel called it the most important series of his editorship." A year later, he was "widely criticized" when The Times "profiled Patricia Bowman, who had accused William Kennedy Smith, a nephew of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, of raping her in Palm Beach [...] As well as detailing her background, the article named her, called her an aggressive driver, said she had borne a child out of wedlock and quoted a woman anonymously as saying [...] Bowman 'had a little wild streak.'" This prompted "readers and even staff members [to accuse] the paper of sexism," McFadden added. After relinquishing the executive editorship to fellow Pulitzer winner Joseph Lelyveld, the managing editor, in 1994, he continued to write a column, Word & Image, for The New York Times Magazine through 2000. In a 1986 memo written as he assumed the editorship, Frankel offered a mission statement of sorts for his tenure: "I bring only one commitment: that we remain a family newspaper in every sense. We are led by a family devoted to fearless reporting and peerless quality. We address a family of readers whose trust and devotion we must earn anew each morning. And though grown huge and multifaceted, we best serve those families by honoring our kinship to one another, in an exciting and creative but always collective enterprise."